Mathematics often evokes strong reactions. For some, it’s a source of endless fascination; for others, it’s a dreaded challenge. But what role does the brain play in how we learn and perform maths? Over the years, neuroscience has provided tantalising glimpses into the cognitive processes behind mathematical thinking. However, alongside these insights has come a wave of "neuro-nonsense"—overstated or misleading claims about how our brains work when solving equations or learning algebra.
In this article, we’ll delve into the real science behind how the brain processes maths, debunk common myths, and explore practical insights that educators and learners can use to enhance mathematical understanding.
The Neuroscience of Maths: What Happens in Your Brain?
When you solve a maths problem, your brain engages a network of regions responsible for reasoning, memory, and numerical cognition. Research has identified key players in this process, such as the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), located in the parietal lobe, which is crucial for understanding numerical quantities. Other regions, including the prefrontal cortex, handle problem-solving and decision-making, while the hippocampus supports memory retrieval.
For basic arithmetic, the brain relies on the left hemisphere, which is adept at processing sequential and logical tasks. However, more complex problems, such as geometry or abstract reasoning, recruit both hemispheres, demonstrating the brain’s remarkable flexibility.
Interestingly, studies show that even infants and animals possess an innate "number sense"—the ability to perceive and compare quantities. This suggests that our capacity for maths is deeply rooted in biology, though how we build on this foundation depends on education and experience.
Myth 1: “Maths Is Only for Left-Brained People”
One of the most pervasive myths about maths is the idea that it’s the domain of "left-brained" individuals—those supposedly analytical, logical thinkers who excel at numbers while their "right-brained" counterparts are creative but hopeless at maths. This oversimplification stems from outdated theories about hemispheric dominance.
Modern neuroscience reveals that maths engages both hemispheres of the brain. While the left hemisphere often takes the lead in processing calculations, the right hemisphere contributes to spatial reasoning and understanding patterns. So, whether you’re solving algebra or visualising geometric shapes, your entire brain is in on the action.
The takeaway? Maths isn’t about being left-brained or right-brained—it’s about how different brain regions work together.
Myth 2: “Some People Just Aren’t Wired for Maths”
Another common misconception is that mathematical ability is a fixed trait—you either have it or you don’t. This belief can discourage learners who struggle with maths early on, leading them to label themselves as "bad at maths" and avoid the subject altogether.
In reality, the brain’s neuroplasticity—its ability to change and adapt—means that anyone can improve their mathematical skills with practice. Studies show that consistent engagement with maths strengthens neural connections in the regions associated with numerical reasoning. This is why repetition and incremental learning are so effective: they give the brain time to solidify new pathways.
Importantly, attitudes and mindset play a significant role. Research by psychologist Carol Dweck highlights the power of a growth mindset—the belief that abilities can be developed through effort and perseverance. When learners embrace this mindset, they’re more likely to persist in the face of challenges and achieve better outcomes.
Neuro-Nonsense in Education: Separating Fact from Fiction
While neuroscience has enriched our understanding of learning, it has also given rise to a wave of pseudoscience in education. Concepts like "brain-based learning" or "neuro-education" are often presented with impressive-sounding jargon but lack empirical support.
One notorious example is the learning styles theory, which suggests that people learn best when taught in their preferred style (e.g., visual, auditory, kinaesthetic). While it’s true that individuals have preferences, research shows that tailoring instruction to these styles has little impact on learning outcomes. Effective teaching, it turns out, depends more on the nature of the material than the learner’s supposed style.
Another misleading claim is that engaging in specific activities, like playing classical music, can "boost" mathematical ability by enhancing brain function. While music and maths share some cognitive overlap, the idea of a direct causal relationship—popularised as the "Mozart Effect"—has been largely debunked.
The Real Drivers of Mathematical Success
If flashy claims about brain training and learning styles fall short, what actually helps people succeed in maths? Here are some evidence-based insights:
Practice and Spaced Repetition
Maths skills improve with regular practice, particularly when combined with spaced repetition—reviewing material at increasing intervals over time. This approach strengthens memory retention and builds a deeper understanding of concepts.
Conceptual Understanding
Focusing on the "why" behind mathematical principles, rather than rote memorisation, helps learners develop a more robust grasp of the subject. For example, understanding why division works as the inverse of multiplication can make problem-solving more intuitive.
Real-World Applications
Connecting maths to real-world scenarios—like budgeting, sports statistics, or engineering challenges—makes the subject more engaging and relevant. When learners see how maths applies to their lives, they’re more likely to stay motivated.
Positive Reinforcement
Encouragement and recognition of effort, rather than innate ability, foster a sense of progress and confidence. This is especially important for learners who may have experienced anxiety or failure in the past.
Maths Anxiety: The Emotional Barrier
One significant challenge for many learners is maths anxiety, a fear or apprehension about engaging with mathematical tasks. Studies have shown that this anxiety activates the brain’s amygdala, a region associated with stress and emotional regulation, which can interfere with cognitive performance.
Maths anxiety often stems from early negative experiences, such as struggling with a concept or facing harsh criticism. Over time, these experiences create a cycle of avoidance and self-doubt, making it harder to build skills.
Breaking this cycle requires a combination of supportive teaching, gradual exposure to challenging tasks, and strategies for managing stress, such as mindfulness or relaxation techniques. Creating a safe, non-judgmental learning environment is crucial for helping anxious learners rebuild their confidence.
The Future of Maths Education: Bridging Neuroscience and Practice
Advances in neuroscience hold great promise for improving maths education. For example, brain imaging studies are shedding light on how different learners process mathematical concepts, paving the way for more personalised approaches. Technologies like virtual reality and adaptive learning platforms can also enhance engagement by providing interactive, tailored experiences.
However, it’s important to approach these innovations with a critical eye. As history has shown, not every neuroscience-inspired trend delivers on its promises. Educators and policymakers must balance excitement about new tools with rigorous evaluation of their effectiveness.
Embracing the Beauty of Maths
Understanding the brain’s role in mathematics doesn’t just debunk myths; it deepens our appreciation for the subject. Maths is more than equations and formulas—it’s a way of thinking, a language for understanding the world, and a testament to the brain’s incredible capacity for reasoning and creativity.
Whether you’re a seasoned mathematician or someone who’s always struggled with numbers, remember this: your brain is a work in progress, capable of growth and adaptation. With the right mindset, strategies, and support, maths can become less of a mystery and more of an opportunity to explore the wonders of human thought.
So, let’s set aside the neuro-nonsense and celebrate the real science—and joy—of learning maths. After all, as the great mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss once said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences." And our brains are its loyal subjects, eager to learn, adapt, and grow.